 The Federal Republic of Germany is a federal state and with internal diversity. It consists of 16 federal states having their own state constitution. State constitution is the Basic Law of the republic, and the principles of democracy and the system of state welfare is under the rule of law as well.
Most are administered independently by the Federal states such as the diplomatic work, the Customs, the Federal Border Defense and the federal forces.
Geographical location: The Federal Republic of Germany is located in central Europe and it is surrounded by nine neighbors namely Denmark , the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic and Poland.
The Federal Republic of Germany has an area of 357,000 square kilometers, The straight-line distance between North and the South is 876 square kilometers, and the length of the Border Line is 3758 km .
Terrain: Germany has unusual diversity of the terrain which is beautiful and moving. Located in central Europe, Germany is made up of the North German Plain, the Central German Uplands (Mittelgebirge), and the Southern German Highlands. The Bavarian plateau in the southwest averages 488 meters above sea level, but it reaches 2,962 meters in the Zugspitze Mountains, the highest point in the country. In the south-east, Bavaria watzmann peak which is 2,713 meters and Baden-Württemberg which is 1,493 meters. 。
 Rhine is Germany’s longest river which is 865 km long. It flows in four states through North Rhine-Westphalia Fallon, Rhineland-ear Deutsch, Hessen and Baden-Württemberg Fort. Other major rivers are the Danube, the Elbe, the Oder, and the Weser,
Climate: The climate in Germany is temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm, tropical wind; high relative humidity and there is distribution of rainfall throughout the year. The average annual temperature is 9 ° C and the average temperature in winter is between -6 °C (mountain) and 1.5 ° C (low land). In July, lowland average temperature is about 18 °C and in the South Valley is 20 ℃ .
Minerals: North Rhine-Westphalia Fallon industrial zone, Aachen and the Saar region is rich in coal, while the Rhine strait and Leipzig Laoaici plains has huge deposits of lignite. Iron is mainly in the Rhineland mountain, Wald Hartz Mountain and the eastern zone in the northern Piedmont. Oil deposits are in EMS Valley, Hanover and the northern Schleswig-Holstein state. Natural gas resources are concentrated in the northwest Hanover, Saxony-Anhalt state, the lowlands in Rhine and the Bavarian Alps Piedmont region. Bavaria and Lower Saxony have deposits of rock salt, and potassium salt deposits are widely distributed in Lower Saxony, Hesse, Thuringia state and the southern state of Baden.
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